ABSTRACT
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a severe form of asthenozoospermia categorized by immotile spermatozoa with abnormal flagella in ejaculate. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is used to detect pathogenic variants in patients with MMAF. In this study, a novel homozygous frameshift variant (c.6158_6159insT) in dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 (DNAH8) from two infertile brothers with MMAF in a consanguineous Pakistani family was identified by WES. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed DNAH8 mRNA decay in these patients with the DNAH8 mutation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed highly divergent morphology and ultrastructure of sperm flagella in these patients. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay showed the absence of DNAH8 and a reduction in its associated protein DNAH17 in the patients' spermatozoa. Collectively, our study expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with DNAH8-related MMAF worldwide.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Consanguinity , Pakistan , Infertility, Male/metabolism , Semen/metabolism , Sperm Tail/metabolism , Spermatozoa/metabolism , Flagella/pathology , MutationABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Sep 2012 to Feb 2013 over a period of six months
Material and Methods: In this study, one hundred and sixty five diagnosed patients of diabetic polyneuropathy presenting to medical OPD with complaints of paresthesia/numbness/pain in hands were recruited. All patients fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. They underwent electrophysiological examination according to American Association of Electro Diagnostic Medicine to determine the frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 17
Results: Out of 165 patients, 112 [68%] were females and 53 [32%] were males with the age ranging from 37-60 years [mean age and SD 51.55 +/- 6.3]. The frequency of CTS in our patients was 40% [66 patients]. Thirty seven [56.1%] patients had right hand involvement and it was bilateral in 22 [33.3%] patients, of the 66 subjects with CTS, 48 [72.7%] were females. In patients who had CTS, mean duration of diabetes was longer as compared to the remainder [12.09 +/- 7.4 years vs. 9.07 +/- 5.0 years, p=0.002]
Conclusion: Carpal tunnel syndrome was common finding in diabetic patients. On the basis of our results, we recommend that a search for possible coexistent CTS in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy should always be made
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Objective: To determine the frequency of Rheumatoid Factor [RF] in patients with Hepatitis C infection [HCV] associated polyarthropathy at Combined Military Hospital Quetta
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Quetta, from 1st Oct 2012 to 31st Mar 2013
Material and Methods: Two hundred and seven patients having confirmed Hepatitis C infection [positive anti HCV antibodies and positive HCV RNA by Qualitative PCR] with polyarthropathy were included in this study. These patients were screened for RF by immunonochromatography based RF Latex assay kit
Results: Out of 207 patients, 138 [66.67%] were males and 69 [33.33%] were females. The age among all subjects ranged from 21-55 years and mean age of all subjects was 44.29 +/- 4.61 years, the youngest patient was 21 years old and eldest was 55 years old. Most of the patients 97 [47%] were in the age group of 36-45 years. RF was positive in 88 [42.51%] patients and it was negative in 119 [57.49%] patients suffering from hepatitis C infection associated polyarthropathy. The frequency of RF in female patients was 66 [48%] and in male patients was 22 [32%] and it was significantly [p-value=0.0367] greater in female patients as compared to male patients
Conclusion: The detection of Rheumatoid Factor [RF] is of little utility as a diagnostic tool for concurrent RA in patients of chronic HCV infection because a high percentage of them were having serum RF reactivity
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Objective: To test the relative efficacy of pyriproxyfen and methoprene on mortality, deformity, inhibition and emergence to adult stages of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus. Methods: Serial dilutions (0.01-0.05 mg/L) of methoprene, pyriproxyfen 0.5 water dispersible granules (WDG) and pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG were used to assess mortality and inhibition of 3rd instar larvae of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Each concentration and control was replicated four times in completely randomized design. Data on larval mortality, growth inhibition, deformities and adult's emergence was recorded weekly. On the basis of best comparative performance, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG at 0.1 g/m
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of traumatic lens dislocations presenting at our institute. This may help develop the preventive strategies. The number of cases of traumatic lens dislocations, presented at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chandka Medical College, Larkana, Pakistan, from January 2002 to June 2015, were 59 including 61.02% [n=36] males and 38.98% [n=23] females. Cause of trauma was wood or plant impalement in 35.6% [n=21] cases, cracker blast in 13.55% [n=8] cases, fall on ground in 11.86% [n=7] cases, penetrating injuries with needle, scissors or knife in 10.16% [n=6] cases, road traffic accidents in 10.16% [n=6] cases, sports injuries [cricket ball and gulle danda] in 8.47% [n=5] cases, firearm injuries in 5.1% [n=3] cases, and fist hitting in 5.1% [n=3] cases. Lens was dislocated posteriorly in 33.90% [n=20] cases, anteriorly in 25.42% [n=15] cases, inferiorly in 11.86% [n=7] cases, medially in 10.17% [n=6] cases, laterally in 10.17% [n=6] cases, superiorly in 6.78% [n=4] cases, and a single [1.69%] case of lenticele was seen
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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Hypomagnesemia in patients with uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, PNS Shifa Naval Hospital Karachi, from Jul 2012 to Dec 2012 over a period of six months
Material and Methods: In this study, three hundred and twenty three patients of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type-II on oral hypoglycemic agents for more than five years, presenting to medical OPD, were recruited. All patients fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood samples of all patients for serum HbA1c and serum magnesium levels were analyzed at the time of enrollment. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 20
Results: Out of 323 patients, 243 [75.23%] were males and 80 [24.76%] were females with the age ranging from 40 - 65 years [mean age and SD 54.76 +/- 6.43]. Hypomagnesemia was found in 117 patients, without any significant difference in men and women [38.45% and 35.39% respectively]. The mean duration of diabetes was 12.5 years [ranging from 5 to 22 years]. By frequency test in SPSS-20, the highest frequency of hypomagnesemia [49.42%] is seen in [8.6-9.0] HbA1c group while lowest frequency hypomagnesemia [15.38%] is seen in [>10.0] HbA1c level group mean standard deviation and p-value calculated by Pearson correlation statistic in SPSS-20 for quantitative variables [HbA1c, Magnesium level]
Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is frequent in poorly controlled type-II diabetes mellitus having increased level of HbA1c. So it may be prudent in clinical practice to periodically monitor plasma magnesium and HbA1c in type-II diabetes mellitus patients
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Objective: To understand the impact of platelet associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG)/platelet associated immunoglobulin M (PAIgM) on severity of dengue virus infection leading to thrombocytopenia. Methods: In this study we examined a total of 52 patients who were having secondary infection of dengue in acute phase by using competitive ELISA. Results: A decrease in the platelet count was observed at the acute phase of infection while all along the recovery stage the count of platelet was significantly increased. A significant decrease was observed in PAIgG and PAIgM in these subjects. Inverse correlation was found between platelets count and PAIgG/PAIgM among the subjects studied. In the platelets elution from ten subjects, anti-dengue virus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were observed. PAIgG and PAIgM with inclined levels were higher in dengue hemorrhagic fever than the classical dengue fever. In the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever PAIgM inclined level was independently associated with high specificity, showing a possible indication of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Conclusions: This study suggests that in secondary dengue virus infection, the PAIgG and PAIgM levels, and the activity of anti-dengue virus play key roles, both in the development and severity of the disease.
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Objective: to access the level of awareness regarding HIV/AIDS among surgical trainees of Pakistan and the fear associated of getting transmitted while working in a healthcare setup
Materials and Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted at 10 hospitals in Sindh. The study was conducted on surgical trainees in those hospitals and a self-administered questionnaire was administered during the period of Jan-August 2015. Chi Square test was applied and P-values were commuted to find the significance. The data was analyzed by SPSS 17
Results: the questionnaire was administered to 400 surgical trainees of whom 310 opted to participate. The level of awareness regarding HIV was significantly high in both male and female surgical trainees, however in comparison females had a greater level of awareness about the treatment [30%], modes of transmission [100%], and knowledge regarding dealing with needle prick injuries [96%] as compared to male trainees. However lack of knowledge about the HAART therapy was seen among both male [26%] and female surgical residents [30%]. Moreover majority of both male [58%] and females [87%] surgical trainees had the point of view that government is not taking affective steps to counter the fight against HIV/AIDS
Conclusion: in spite of significant general knowledge about HIV and its prevention yet lack of knowledge was seen about HIV treatment i.e. HAART therapy in surgical trainees of Pakistan. Furthermore the Pakistani government needs to take proper initiatives to increase the awareness and to counter the fight against this fatal disease
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Objective: Pakistan has a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. The major indication of renal transplantation is end stage renal disease due Diabetes and hypertension, which is also a cost effective treatment significantly decreasing mortality and morbidity in these patients
Material and Methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out in Pakistan to determine the level of awareness among the general population regarding kidney donation and their willingness to donate. The total number of participants who completed a questionnaire was three thousand five-hundred and twenty. 56% were male while 44% female. The sample included people of all ages from all educational and ethnic backgrounds
Results: among participants 63.5% were found to be aware regarding kidney donation and 46.6% showed a willingness to donate to a first degree relative [FDR]. Only 11.5% were willing to donate to someone other than a FDR. Females were found to be more willing to donate to both a FDR and a non-FDR with a male to female ratio of 0.7 [95% C.I]. A small percentage [16.7%] albeit important believed organ donation should be declared illegal
Conclusion: awareness regarding kidney donation and educational status were found to be linked, with people educated at a higher level having greater knowledge about the topic. All stakeholders need to develop a comprehensive strategy to decrease the overall health burden of end stage renal disease and promote legal renal transplantation
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Objective: To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction among patients of chronic hepatitis C [HCV] infection receiving combination of interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, PNS Shifa Naval Hospital Karachi, from September 2012 to March 2013 over a period of six months
Patients and Methods: In this study, 170 diagnosed patients of chronic HCV [confirmed by anti-HCV and HCV RNA-positive] presenting to medical OPD with normal thyroid functions were recruited. All patients fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were prescribed IFN-alpha 2b [3 million units subcutaneously 3 days a week] and oral preparation of antiviral drug ribavirin [800 to 1200 mg daily in divided doses according to weight]. At the end of 12 weeks of combination antiviral therapy, their thyroid profile was worked up. Serum TSH, free T4 and T3 levels were determined by chemiluminescence technique in chemical pathology lab of the hospital. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 17
Results: Out of 170 patients, 83 [48.82%] were females and 87 [51.18%] were males with the age ranging from 22-46 years [mean +/- SD: 33.86 +/- 5.32]. After 12 weeks of antiviral therapy, thyroid functions were normal in 156/170 [91.76%] patients, whereas in 14/170 [8.24%] cases thyroid dysfunction was observed. Out of those patients having thyroid dysfunction, 10/14 [71.42%] were hypothyroid whereas 4/14 [28.58%] had hyperthyroidism
Conclusion: Managing patients of chronic HCV with combination antiviral therapy comprising IFN-alpha 2b and ribavirin can cause thyroid dysfunction. These patients should be monitored before and during treatment to avoid complications and poor compliance
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Background: Urinary incontinence leaves the sufferer with physical and psychological stresses. Majority of the cases are caused by an underlying treatable condition however the it is under reported to medical care providers. The objective of this study was to explore the psychosocial impacts of urinary incontinence and assess quality of life in patients with urinary incontinence in Pakistan
Methods: This study was conducted at five tertiary care hospitals in the city of Karachi during January 2013 to December 2013. Self-administered questionnaire was prepared and adjusted according to the local social dynamics of the community based on 'Incontinence Impact Questionnaire' and 'The Kings Health questionnaire'. Inclusion criteria included urinary incontinent patients visiting outpatient departments
Results: The study comprised of 280 participants with a response rate of 80%. Overall 89 males and 191 females participated. Majority of the sample population [40.7%] believed that the weak anatomy was the etiology of their Urinary Incontinence. More than 40% of the participants declared that they would rate 'the fear that an embarrassing condition could arise in result of their disease' as 'Moderate' followed by 38.2% as 'Highly'. 39.64% stated that their social life including interaction with people was 'Moderately' affected and 21.7% believed that they their social interaction was 'highly' limited. Regarding travel, majority of the participants asserted that their travel has been restricted to a great extent and rated as Highly [30.7%] or Moderate [29.6%]. In total 28.5% patients stated that their exercise schedule had been 'Moderately' affected as a consequence of their disease
Conclusion: Patients with urinary incontinence should be heard comprehensively by the care providers. Coping techniques for patients and education regarding Urinary incontinence should be provided by the medical practitioner to the sufferers
ABSTRACT
Background: Surgery is a competitive specialty and requires a lengthy and rigorous residency training which necessitates one's passion and commitment. A number of medical students experience their surgical rotation as demanding with extended period of work hours as compared to other medical specialties
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at four medical colleges located in Karachi, Pakistan during September 2013 to January 2014. A self administered questionnaire was made to gain insight regarding students' views of advantages and disadvantages associated with surgical profession. Medical students who have completed at least one rotation of surgery were included in the study
Results: Overall 810 respondents participated in the study, with a response rate of 90.% Amongst the participants 72.8%were females and 27.2% were males. 62.7% of the students thought that surgery is a stressful profession, while 80.8% believed that a surgeon's family life is adversely compromised at some time during their carrier [86.7% females, 65% males]. Majority of the students [55.3%] asserted that surgery is more respectful than other medical field, however 52.7% of the respondents believed that a surgeon's income is higher than any other medical specialty. Overall 17.9% students strongly considered to become surgeon in future [Male/Female OR: 2.0]
Conclusion: Workload, family life, length of residency, income, respect and stress level associated with surgery are some important factors influencing student's choice for profession
ABSTRACT
Gonorrhea can be transmitted by oral sex and is known as pharyngeal gonorrhea and appears as pharyngitis. Patients with symptomatic gonorrhea infection or other STDs are commonly seen in outpatient departments. Majority of them seek treatment without having adequate understanding regarding the nature of their condition. It is important for a healthy community that the members have information regarding STDs, their spread and preventive measure. The study was conducted during the time period of six months extending from August 2013-January 2014. The data was collected from four tertiary care hospital after obtaining oral and written consent. Patients attending Urology outpatient department with a history of STD were included in the study. Overall 410 patients participated in the study with a response rate of 82%. 315[76.8%] males and 95[23.2%] female participants. 37.8% of females and 36.5 of males with total 36.8% of participants had knowledge that PID is a complication of Gonorrhea. In total 16.3% of the participants knew the correct mode of transmission of Gonorrhea with 22% females and 14.6% males with Odd ratio F/M 1.5. Regarding the best preventive measure for STD, 60.7% considers avoiding multiple sexual partners and engage in spousal relationship [53.7 and 62.8% of females and male respectively, Odds ratio F/M 0.85] is the best way followed by using condoms [20.7% of total participant with an odds F/M of 1.54]. The knowledge in patients regarding Gonorrhea is scant hence it is essential to counter educational needs of the population regarding STD in effective and timely manner
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Sexual Behavior , Tertiary Care Centers , Knowledge , Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseABSTRACT
Urinary incontinence can be distressful and may affect the quality of life to a great extent. Common types of UI are stress incontinence, urge incontinence and mixed incontinence. UI is more prevalent in older people and more frequently diagnosed in females than males. Efforts are made to investigate the primary disorder which causes incontinence, as UI is mostly secondary to an underlying medical condition. This study included patients diagnosed with UI and was conducted during one year period extending from February 2013 to January 2014. The data also constituted of a self-administered questionnaire to access the patient's knowledge regarding their disease. Ethical consent was obtained from the hospital where data were collected and oral and written consents were taken from all the participants prior to their participation. The study included 332 patients with a response rate of 73.7%. Overall, 254 males and 278 females participated. 64.9% of the male participants had urge incontinence followed by 26.6% having stress incontinence, while only 8.44% of the males were diagnosed with mixed incontinence. In females 77.2% had stress incontinence followed by urge incontinence [15.1%] and only 7.3% had Mixed urinary incontinence. 24% of males and 44.3% of females believed that pelvic exercises can prevent or treat UI. 34.6% of the total participants [40% females,27.9% males] had an understanding that weak anatomy contributes to the development of UI. Stress incontinence is more common in women, while the dominant type in men is urge continence. All patients, especially pregnant women should be provided information regarding UI in order to efficiently cope up with the condition if encountered
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Oral Health , Mental Health , Urinary Incontinence, Stress , Urinary Incontinence, Urge , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of the in-house prepared high fat diet [HFD] on body weights of rats. Comparative, Experimental Study. The study was conducted at Institute of Basic Medical Sciences [IBMS], Dow University of Health Sciences [DUHS], Ojha Campus, Karachi in a period of 2-3 weeks. The study was conducted on 20 male albino Wistar rats which were randomized into 2 groups: each group containing 10 rats. HFD-fed rats were kept on in-house prepared HFD and wate ad libitum throughout the study. While control/ Non-HFD fed rats were kept on standard diet and water. SPSS [version 16.0] was used in the study analysis. The mean difference in body weights of rats was analyzed by using ANOVA.. The results are expressed as mean +/- SD. The results report that there is statistically significant difference [P-value <0.001] between HFD-fed and non HFD-fed groups. HFD-fed group gained significant weight when fed an in-house prepared diet in comparison to non HFD-fed group in 2-3 weeks
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To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of vitamin-E on caecal ulcerogenicity of Diclofenac sodium in Albino rats. A prospective experimental study Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi during 2003. Diclofenac sodium and Vitamin-E were administered to Albino Rats separately and simultaneously at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight [for each drug] orally once daily for two weeks. These animals were sacrificed, Caeca were identified and removed, opened along mesenteric border and examined under dissecting microscope for dilatation of the blood vessels, blood streaks and hemorrhagic areas. The caeca were fixed in 10% formalin, Embedded in paraplast, 4 um thick sections were cut on rotary microtome, stained with Haematoxylin and eosin stains. The histomorphological Features of caecal mucosa were compared with those in the control animals and analyzed statistically. The study revealed that simultaneous use of vitamin-E administration with [NSAIDs] produced Anti-ulcer activity in caecal ulcers of albino Rats. The results suggest that vitamin-E produced anti-ulcer activity in Caecal ulcers of albino rats
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Anti-Ulcer Agents , Antioxidants , Rats , Cecum , Diclofenac , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
To evaluate the outcome of low dose intralesional steroid injections used in superficial infantile capillary hemangioma [SICH] of eye lid. Prospective Study. This study was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Chandka Medical College Hospital Larkana from September 2001 to October 2011. Only, patients with congenital SICH involving eye lids with closure of visual axis were included in this study and SICH involving eye lids without closure of visual axis were excluded from study. The diagnosis of disease was based on history and clinical examination. All the patients were treated by mixture of low dose intralesional steroids triamcinolone 20mg [0.5ml] and dexamethasone 4mg [1.0ml]. A total of three injections were given with interval of two months. After injection, the follow-up examinations were carried out at first week, every second month for six months and then annually. After treatment, outcome was recorded. The successful outcome was labeled when there was complete regression of lesion. Out of 37 patients 28[75.67%] were female and 9[24.32%] were male with female to male ratio of 3.1:1 and age range of 2 to 12 months. All the patients had unilateral growth; with left eye lid involvement in 22[59.45%] cases and right eye lid involvement in 15[40.54%] cases. The successful outcome seen was early regression of lesion in 24[64.86%] cases by age of 2.3 years and in 13[35.13%] cases by age of 3.1 years. The outcome of this study was that, early treatment of SICH of eye lid with intralesional steroid injections resulted reliable, quick, beneficial effects and good cosmetically functional eye lid by early involution of growth
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary , Eyelid Neoplasms , Eyelids , Steroids , Injections, Intralesional , Treatment Outcome , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Blood borne diseases impose heavy burdens on national economies and individual families due to costs arising from acute and chronic morbidity and mortality. Globally, 2 billion people are infected with hepatitis B virus [HBV]. An estimated 170 million persons are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus [HCV] and 3-4 million persons are newly infected each year. Transmission of hepatitis B and C through infected needles, blades, etc. is well known. Barbers are the important parts of community, as almost every man needs at least monthly visit to barber for hair dressing or shaving. In Pakistan the prevalence of shaving by barbers is reported to be as high as 34%-49% of the male population and it is important to know how barbers perceive the risks in relation to prevention of transmission of hepatitis B and C. To assess the knowledge and attitude of barbers regarding HBV and HCV and find out practices among barbers which may be responsible for transmission of HBV and HCV. Cross-Sectional Study. This study was carried out in the Larkana city during the months of March 2010 to April 2012. A list of the barbers was obtained from the union of barbers and sample was drawn from that sampling frame. There were 422 barbers shops in the city. For sampling purpose Larkana city was arbitrarily divided into five zones [East, West, Central, South and North] and then 10 shops randomly selected from each zone. There were 156 barbers available and eligible for interview. After informed verbal consent, 132 barbers agreed to participate in the study. Data was entered, analyzed by Statistical Program for Social Sciences [SPSS] version 13. A total 132 barbers were interviewed. The mean age of respondents was 28 +/- 10 years, mean years of experience in barbering was 12.7 +/- 10. More than half [63.6%] respondents were married. Majority of the respondents [84.8%] were resident of urban areas. 64% barbers have had knowledge that hepatitis B and C can be transmitted through blood transfusion and sexual contact. Only 6.1% had been vaccinated against the hepatitis B. 70% of the barbers disposed of used blades in regular garbage. 82% washed hands before and after shaving each client, 92.4% cleaned their instruments with disinfectant after shaving the, 99.2% barbers change the blade for each client. The knowledge of barbers regarding the transmission of hepatitis B and C was fairly good but majority of the barbers were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B though they were knew that vaccine is available against the hepatitis B
Subject(s)
Humans , Barbering , Hepatitis C/transmission , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis B virusABSTRACT
To see the gross qualitative parameters such as general appearance of rats and their testes after long and short term use of Sildenafil Citrate. As very little attention has been given to explore the effects of a sildenafil citrate on histological aspects of testes, hence this experimental study was designed to check whether the drug which is being used indiscriminately in our country and abroad is safe or it has any harmful effect on the architecture of rat testis. Experimental Study. This study was conducted in departments of Anatomy and Histopathology Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore for a period of six weeks from 02.05.2008 to 17.06.2008. Sample size consisted of 45 animals, divided into Group A [Control], Group B and C [Experimental], Each group was consisting of 15 animals. Physical examination of rats and their testis was done every day by the author himself and recorded. After giving drug, on inspection of rats all the animals were active and healthy and the gross appearance of the testes was normal except in an animal, in which the testes were smaller than the associates of the same group. Eating habits of all the animals were normal, taking food and water freely. After half an hour of giving the drug, they were mounting over each other and looked aggressive. The comparison of all the groups, A vs B, A vs C and B vs C remained statistically non -significant [P>0.05]. No significant difference was observed in qualitative parameters [general appearance] of the rats and their testes after giving sildenafil citrate
Subject(s)
Male , Animals, Laboratory , Testis/drug effects , Piperazines/analogs & derivatives , Purines/analogs & derivatives , Sulfones/analogs & derivativesABSTRACT
To identify the pattern of early wound complications after modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance and to determine the risk factors predisposing to these complications. Descriptive case series. Surgical Unit II, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences Nawabshah, from January 2008 to December 2010. One hundred and fifty patients were included in this study who underwent Patey's modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance These patients were followed up for one month postoperatively in OPD. Age of the patients was between 30-80 years. Seroma formation was the most common complication seen in 50 [33.3%] patients, wound infection in 15 [10%] and flap necrosis in 4 [2.6%] cases. More than 1000 ml discharge in drain was noted in 30 patients. Wound infection found more in patients with prolonged operation time [>150 minutes] and in those with seroma formation. Seroma formation was the most common complication as well predictive factor for wound infection and flap necrosis